Environmentally Sustainable Design (ESD) in Merri-bek City Council

ESD Solutions at Merri-bek City Council – Environmentally Sustainable Design

At Merri-bek City Council, we are committed to creating an environmentally sustainable and livable city. Our focus is on incorporating environmentally sustainable design (ESD) into development projects during the planning process. We believe that sustainable building practices, green infrastructure, renewable energy, and resource-efficient design are essential for creating a sustainable future.

Key Takeaways:

  • Merri-bek City Council emphasizes the importance of considering sustainable design at every stage of development – from design to construction and operation.
  • The council has implemented policies that mandate the incorporation of ESD in new residential, mixed-use, and non-residential developments.
  • Sustainable Design Assessments (SDA) or Sustainability Management Plans (SMP) are required depending on the scale and complexity of the proposed development.
  • Engaging a sustainability consultant may be necessary for larger developments.
  • Water efficiency, stormwater management, indoor environmental quality, energy efficiency, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are key focus areas for sustainable design.

Incorporating ESD into New Developments – Policy Objectives

The Merri-bek Planning Scheme is dedicated to promoting environmentally sustainable design (ESD) practices in new developments. This policy applies to a range of development types, including residential, mixed-use, and non-residential projects. By integrating ESD principles into the planning permit application process, the Merri-bek City Council aims to ensure best practices in sustainable development throughout the municipality.

When submitting a planning permit application for a new development, applicants are required to provide comprehensive information on various aspects of sustainable design. This includes energy efficiency, water resources management, indoor environmental quality, stormwater management, transport, waste management, and urban ecology. The scale and complexity of the proposed development will determine whether a Sustainable Design Assessment (SDA) or a Sustainability Management Plan (SMP) is required.

The Merri-bek Planning Scheme sets specific objectives for each development type. For residential projects, the policy aims to ensure optimal energy performance, water efficiency, and access to public transport. Mixed-use developments are expected to contribute to vibrant and connected communities while minimizing environmental impacts. Non-residential developments are encouraged to prioritize resource-efficient design, including water conservation and waste reduction measures.

Development Type Policy Objectives
Residential Optimal energy performance, water efficiency, and access to public transport.
Mixed-Use Vibrant and connected communities with minimized environmental impacts.
Non-Residential Resource-efficient design, including water conservation and waste reduction measures.

Sustainable Design Assessment (SDA) vs. Sustainability Management Plan (SMP)

Depending on the size and complexity of the proposed development, either a Sustainable Design Assessment (SDA) or a Sustainability Management Plan (SMP) is required. The SDA provides an assessment of the proposed design’s sustainability features and their compliance with ESD conditions. It is typically used for smaller developments.

On the other hand, larger developments necessitate the preparation of a Sustainability Management Plan (SMP), which offers a more detailed analysis of sustainable design features and implementation schedules. The SMP provides a comprehensive roadmap for achieving ESD objectives throughout the development’s life cycle.

To aid in the assessment process, the council recommends utilizing the Built Environment Sustainability Scorecard (BESS), a tool that measures sustainability performance across various categories. Engaging a sustainability consultant may be required for larger developments to ensure compliance with ESD requirements and best practices.

Sustainable Design Assessment (SDA) Requirements

When it comes to incorporating sustainable design into new developments, the Merri-bek City Council has specific requirements in place. These requirements are aimed at promoting environmentally friendly practices in accommodation developments and non-residential buildings. The criteria for these assessments depend on the gross floor area of the proposed development.

To evaluate the sustainability of a development, the council uses the Built Environment Sustainability Scorecard (BESS). This scorecard provides a comprehensive assessment of various aspects of the building’s design and operation, including energy efficiency, water management, and indoor environmental quality. The results of the SDA, conducted using the BESS, need to be submitted along with the planning permit application.

While engaging a sustainability consultant is not mandatory for all developments, it may be required for larger projects. These consultants provide expertise and guidance on implementing sustainable design features and ensuring compliance with the council’s requirements. Their involvement can help streamline the SDA process and ensure the development meets the necessary sustainability standards.

Sustainability Management Plan (SMP) Requirements

For larger developments such as accommodation developments and non-residential buildings, a Sustainability Management Plan (SMP) is required. The SMP provides a comprehensive outline of sustainable design features and implementation schedules, ensuring compliance with the ESD conditions set by the Merri-bek City Council. This plan goes beyond the requirements of a Sustainable Design Assessment (SDA) and may involve the expertise of a sustainability consultant.

The SMP focuses on delivering sustainable outcomes and requires detailed information on various aspects, including energy efficiency, water efficiency, indoor environment quality, and stormwater management. It serves as a roadmap for developers to effectively incorporate sustainable practices into their projects. It is important to note that while the Built Environment Sustainability Scorecard (BESS) report is necessary for an SDA, it does not fulfill the requirements for an SMP. Additionally, if claiming Green Star or other green building ratings, formal certification is required.

Developers should be aware of the gross floor area thresholds specified by the Merri-bek City Council to determine whether an SMP is required. By providing a detailed SMP, developers can demonstrate their commitment to sustainable design and contribute to the overall goal of creating an environmentally sustainable and livable city.

Development Type Gross Floor Area Threshold SMP Requirement
Accommodation Developments Exceeding 4,000 square meters Yes
Non-Residential Buildings Exceeding 1,000 square meters Yes

“The Sustainability Management Plan provides a strategic framework for integrating sustainable design principles into the development process. It ensures that environmental considerations are adequately addressed and implemented, resulting in projects that are not only environmentally responsible but also economically viable in the long term.” – Merri-bek City Council

Pre-Application and Documentation Guidelines

At Merri-bek City Council, we understand the importance of providing clear guidance and support to applicants who are incorporating environmentally sustainable design (ESD) into their development projects. We encourage interested parties to schedule a pre-application meeting with our team to discuss their planning permit applications and address any concerns or queries. These meetings are an excellent opportunity for us to provide personalized advice and assistance tailored to the specific needs of the project.

To aid in the preparation of sustainable design assessments, we have developed Merri-bek Guidance Plans and example documentation. These resources provide valuable insights into the requirements and expectations for incorporating ESD principles into development projects. By following these guidelines, applicants can ensure their planning permit applications align with our sustainability objectives and meet the necessary criteria for approval.

Throughout the planning process, it is crucial to demonstrate compliance with ESD conditions. To facilitate this, we require applicants to complete the SDA Post Construction Checklist, which serves as an essential tool in verifying the implementation of sustainable design features. Additionally, we have prepared a comprehensive Building Users’ Guide (BUG) to provide building occupants with information on how to maximize the benefits of sustainable design features in their daily activities.

Resource Tool
Built Environment Sustainability Scorecard (BESS) Online tool for assessing the sustainability performance of buildings
STORM Software for designing and managing stormwater systems
Green Star Certification system for rating the sustainability of buildings

We highly recommend the use of BESS, STORM, and Green Star throughout the sustainable design assessment process. These tools provide valuable insights and benchmarks for evaluating and improving the environmental performance of development projects. By incorporating these assessments and certifications into your plans and designs, you not only ensure compliance with our policies but also contribute to the creation of a more sustainable and resilient built environment in Merri-bek.

Pre-Application Meeting

Key Points:

  • Schedule a pre-application meeting to discuss your planning permit application
  • Follow the Merri-bek Guidance Plans and documentation examples
  • Complete the SDA Post Construction Checklist to demonstrate compliance
  • Use BESS, STORM, and Green Star for comprehensive sustainable design assessment

Indoor Environment Quality

Creating a healthy indoor environment is essential for the well-being and comfort of building occupants. At Merri-bek City Council, we prioritize indoor environmental quality in our sustainable design initiatives. Our goal is to provide fresh air intake, cross ventilation, natural daylight, thermal comfort, and reduced exposure to toxins, resulting in a space that promotes productivity and overall health.

When designing buildings, we focus on maximizing natural ventilation and providing ample access to fresh air. Cross ventilation is an important factor, as it allows for the circulation of air throughout the space. This not only enhances air quality but also reduces the reliance on mechanical ventilation systems, leading to energy savings.

Incorporating natural daylight is another aspect of our indoor environmental quality approach. We strive to optimize the use of natural light, reducing the need for artificial lighting during the day. This not only benefits occupants but also contributes to energy efficiency.

Thermal comfort is a key consideration in our sustainable design practices. We prioritize insulation, shading, and glazing techniques to minimize heat transfer and maintain comfortable temperatures inside buildings. By providing a thermally comfortable environment, we enhance occupant satisfaction and reduce the need for energy-intensive cooling and heating systems.

At Merri-bek City Council, we also emphasize the use of low toxic materials to minimize the impact on indoor air quality. By selecting eco-friendly building materials, we reduce potential health risks associated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other harmful substances. Overall, our aim is to create indoor spaces that prioritize the well-being and health of occupants.

Benefits of Indoor Environmental Quality

  • Improved air quality and reduced exposure to pollutants
  • Enhanced occupant health and well-being
  • Increased productivity and concentration levels
  • Energy savings through reduced reliance on mechanical systems
  • Greater occupant comfort and satisfaction

Importance of Noise Reduction

In addition to the factors mentioned above, noise reduction is also a crucial consideration in our sustainable design practices. We understand the impact that noise pollution can have on occupant well-being and productivity. Our designs incorporate strategies such as sound insulation, acoustic panels, and strategic building orientation to minimize noise transfer within and between buildings. By creating quieter indoor environments, we provide a more peaceful and conducive space for occupants.

Noise Reduction Strategies Benefits
Proper insulation Minimizes noise transmission
Acoustic panels Absorbs sound waves, reducing noise levels
Building orientation Minimizes exposure to external noise sources

Creati
ng a healthy indoor environment by prioritizing factors such as fresh air intake, cross ventilation, natural daylight, thermal comfort, low toxic materials, and noise reduction is central to our sustainable design practices at Merri-bek City Council. By incorporating these elements into building design, we aim to enhance occupant well-being, productivity, and overall comfort. Our commitment to indoor environmental quality aligns with our broader goal of creating sustainable and livable spaces for our community.

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency plays a crucial role in creating environmentally sustainable buildings and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. At Merri-bek City Council, we encourage developers and architects to prioritize energy-efficient design principles in their projects. By implementing measures such as building orientation, shading, glazing, and the use of solar panels, we can significantly reduce energy consumption and peak demand.

Building orientation is an important consideration as it determines how a building interacts with the sun’s path. Proper orientation can maximize natural light and heat gain during winter, reducing the need for artificial lighting and heating. Shading devices, such as external blinds or overhangs, can prevent excessive heat gain during summer, reducing the reliance on air conditioning. Additionally, choosing energy-efficient glazing can further enhance thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption.

“Energy efficiency plays a crucial role in creating environmentally sustainable buildings and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.”

The integration of solar panels is another effective way to harness renewable energy and reduce dependence on the grid. By generating clean electricity from the sun, buildings can offset their energy consumption and contribute to a more sustainable energy future. At Merri-bek City Council, we encourage the inclusion of solar panels in building designs and offer guidance on their proper installation and integration.

Benefits of Energy Efficiency

The incorporation of energy-efficient design principles not only benefits the environment but also leads to substantial cost savings for building owners and occupants. Reduced energy consumption means lower utility bills, making energy-efficient buildings more affordable to operate and maintain in the long run. Additionally, sustainable buildings often provide better indoor air quality, thermal comfort, and overall occupant satisfaction.

By prioritizing energy efficiency, we can create buildings that are not only environmentally friendly but also financially and socially sustainable. Together, we can make a significant impact on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and building a more sustainable future.

Water Efficiency

At Merri-bek City Council, we recognize the importance of water efficiency in creating sustainable and resilient communities. Our policy aims to reduce potable water use and promote the efficient management of stormwater. By implementing water conservation measures, we can minimize the strain on our water resources and contribute to a more sustainable future.

One of the key strategies we recommend is the capture and reuse of rainwater. By installing rainwater tanks and utilizing this alternative water source for activities such as toilet flushing, we can significantly reduce our reliance on potable water. This not only conserves water but also reduces the energy required for water treatment and distribution.

In order to demonstrate water efficiency in development projects, we require compliance with the BESS Water Category score. This score provides an assessment of the project’s performance in managing water resources and encourages the implementation of sustainable water practices. By meeting the minimum requirements of the BESS Water Category, we can ensure that new developments are designed with water efficiency in mind.

Benefits of Water Efficiency:

  • Conserves precious water resources and reduces strain on the water supply.
  • Reduces reliance on potable water, leading to cost savings for both residents and the council.
  • Minimizes the energy required for water treatment and distribution.
  • Promotes sustainable development and resilience to future water scarcity.
  • Improves stormwater management and reduces the risk of flooding and erosion.
  • Contributes to a more environmentally friendly and sustainable community.

“Water is a finite resource, and it is our responsibility to use it wisely. By implementing water efficiency measures, we can create a sustainable future for generations to come.”

Water Efficiency Measures Benefits
Rainwater capture and reuse Reduces reliance on potable water and conserves water resources.
Greywater recycling Provides an alternative water source for non-potable uses.
Water-efficient fixtures and appliances Reduces water consumption and lowers utility bills.
Stormwater management systems Improves water quality and reduces the risk of flooding.
Education and awareness programs Promotes water-saving behaviors within the community.

Stormwater Management

Effective management of stormwater runoff plays a crucial role in ensuring water quality and preventing environmental damage. At Merri-bek City Council, we are committed to implementing sustainable solutions for stormwater management in urban development. We recognize the importance of preserving water quality and minimizing the impact of stormwater runoff on our ecosystems.

One of the key tools we recommend for managing stormwater is the use of green infrastructure. Green infrastructure refers to the use of natural elements, such as vegetated swales, rain gardens, and infiltration basins, to manage stormwater. These nature-based solutions help to slow down the flow of stormwater, filter out pollutants, and enhance water infiltration. Implementing green infrastructure not only improves water quality but also contributes to the creation of aesthetically pleasing and environmentally friendly urban spaces.

In order to facilitate effective stormwater management, we recommend using specialized software such as the MUSIC software. MUSIC stands for Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualization, and it is a powerful tool for analyzing and designing stormwater management systems. By simulating various stormwater management strategies, MUSIC helps designers and planners assess the performance of different green infrastructure elements and optimize their effectiveness in managing stormwater runoff.

Benefits of Green Infrastructure for Stormwater Management Benefits of Using MUSIC Software
1. Reduces peak flows and flash flooding 1. Provides accurate modeling of stormwater management systems
2. Improves water quality by filtering pollutants 2. Helps optimize the design of green infrastructure elements
3. Enhances groundwater recharge and supports ecosystem health 3. Assists in the analysis of various stormwater management strategies
4. Creates aesthetically pleasing urban spaces 4. Allows for the assessment of the performance of stormwater management systems

By incorporating green infrastructure and utilizing software like MUSIC, we can effectively manage stormwater runoff, improve water quality, and promote sustainable urban development. With our commitment to green infrastructure and the use of innovative tools, we aim to create resilient and environmentally friendly cities for the benefit of both current and future generations.

Planning Process and Advisory Committee

The planning process for incorporating environmentally sustainable design (ESD) into development projects at Merri-bek City Council involves several key steps. It begins with the submission of a planning permit application, which requires the inclusion of sustainable design information. This information should demonstrate how the proposed development aligns with ESD principles and guidelines.

Once the application is submitted, it is reviewed by the Advisory Committee appointed by the council. The committee considers the sustainable design aspects of the proposal, along with other relevant factors, and provides recommendations to the council. Their assessment takes into account the potential environmental impacts of the development and suggests measures to mitigate any negative effects.

The recommendations provided by the Advisory Committee are considered by the council in the decision-making process. The council carefully evaluates the environmental sustainability of each project, keeping in mind the long-term benefits to both the community and the environment. The final decision is outlined in the Panel Report, which summarizes the findings, recommendations, and conditions related to sustainable design.

Planning Process Steps Description
Planning permit application Submit a comprehensive application including sustainable design information
Advisory Committee review Assessment of sustainable design aspects and provision of recommendations
Council decision-making Evaluation of environmental sustainability and consideration of community benefits
Panel Report Summary of findings, recommendations, and conditions regarding sustainable design

The involvement of the Advisory Committee and the transparent planning process ensure that sustainable design is prioritized and integrated into the development projects undertaken in Merri-bek City Council. This approach promotes environmentally responsible and livable urban development, aligning with the council’s commitment to creating a sustainable future for its residents.

Key Points:

  • The planning process requires the inclusion of sustainable design information in planning permit applications
  • The Advisory Committee provides recommendations on sustainable design aspects
  • The council evaluates the recommendations and makes decisions based on sustainable design principles
  • The Panel Report summarizes the findings and conditions related to sustainable design

Zero Carbon Framework – 2040 Vision

The Zero Carbon Framework developed by Merri-bek City Council represents our community vision for a sustainable and environmentally conscious future. With the recognition of the climate emergency, we have set ambitious goals to achieve zero carbon emissions by the year 2040. This framework outlines strategic directions and targets for emissions reduction, emphasizing our commitment to combatting climate change.

To realize this vision, we understand that collaboration with the community and stakeholders is crucial. We believe that by working together, we can create meaningful change and pave the way for a more sustainable and equitable future. Our zero-carbon journey requires the active participation of individuals, businesses, and all levels of government.

“Our Zero Carbon Framework is not just a response to the climate emergency; it is a call to action for everyone to contribute to a greener, cleaner, and healthier future.”

Through the implementation of sustainable practices and innovative solutions, we aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change. This includes promoting renewable energy, implementing energy-efficient technologies, and adopting sustainable transportation solutions. We recognize the challenges posed by a rapidly changing world, such as resource scarcity and increasing urbanization, but we also see opportunities for growth and resilience. Our framework is designed to be flexible and adaptable to these challenges, ensuring that our strategies remain effective and relevant.

As we progress towards our zero-carbon future, we invite the community to join us in this journey. Together, we can build a sustainable city that not only protects our environment but also enhances the quality of life for all residents. By taking collective action and embracing sustainable practices, we can create a future that is cleaner, healthier, and more resilient.

Challenges and Opportunities – Rapidly Changing World

In our rapidly changing world, we face numerous challenges and opportunities when it comes to creating a sustainable future. Climate change, resource scarcity, rapid urbanization, energy supply, and demographic changes are among the key issues we must address. These challenges require innovative solutions and collaborative efforts from all levels of society.

Climate change poses a significant threat to our planet, with rising temperatures and extreme weather events becoming more frequent. It is crucial that we take immediate action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change. This includes transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and implementing sustainable practices in all aspects of our lives.

Resource scarcity is another pressing concern. As our population continues to grow, the demand for resources such as water, food, and energy increases. We must find ways to manage these resources more efficiently and prioritize sustainability in our consumption patterns. This includes promoting circular economy principles, reducing waste, and exploring alternative sources of energy.

climate change

Rapid urbanization is transforming the way we live and interact with our environment. Urban areas are expanding at an unprecedented rate, placing strain on infrastructure, resources, and ecosystems. To ensure sustainable development, we need to prioritize smart and inclusive urban planning, incorporate green spaces, and promote public transportation to reduce congestion and emissions.

The energy supply is a critical factor in achieving a sustainable future. We need to transition away from fossil fuels and invest in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal. This not only helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also creates new job opportunities and fosters economic growth. Collaboration between governments, industries, and communities is key to accelerating this transition.

Demographic changes, such as population growth and aging, present both challenges and opportunities. We need to plan for the future by creating age-friendly cities, providing affordable housing, and ensuring access to healthcare and social services. At the same time, we can harness the skills and knowledge of older generations to drive innovation and promote sustainable practices.

Conclusion

We, at Merri-bek City Council, are dedicated to creating an environmentally sustainable and livable city. Our proactive approach includes promoting environmentally sustainable design (ESD) initiatives to achieve best practices in sustainable development.

Through the implementation of policies, assessments, and guidelines, we aim to incorporate ESD into new developments and ensure compliance with sustainable design requirements. Our commitment to a zero-carbon future is reflected in our Zero Carbon Framework, which sets targets for emissions reduction and outlines strategic directions for the transition to a zero-carbon municipality.

We believe that collaboration with the community and stakeholders is crucial in achieving our sustainability goals. By working together, we can address the challenges posed by climate change, resource scarcity, rapid urbanization, energy supply, and demographic changes. We are committed to creating an environmentally sustainable and livable city for future generations.

FAQ

What assistance does Merri-bek City Council offer for incorporating environmentally sustainable design (ESD) into development projects?

Merri-bek City Council offers assistance in incorporating ESD into development projects during the planning process. They provide requirements for sustainable design information in planning permit applications and emphasize the importance of considering sustainable design at all stages of development.

What does the Merri-bek Planning Scheme mandate regarding ESD in new developments?

The Merri-bek Planning Scheme mandates the incorporation of ESD in new residential, mixed-use, and non-residential developments. The policy aims to achieve best practice in environmentally sustainable development and requires information on various aspects such as energy, water resources, indoor environmental quality, stormwater management, transport, waste management, and urban ecology in the planning permit application.

What are the requirements for a Sustainable Design Assessment (SDA) for development projects?

A Sustainable Design Assessment (SDA) is necessary for certain types of development such as accommodation/mixed-use developments and non-residential buildings. The requirements depend on the gross floor area of the proposed development. The assessment can be conducted using the Built Environment Sustainability Scorecard (BESS), and the results need to be submitted with the planning permit application.

What is a Sustainability Management Plan (SMP) and when is it required?

A Sustainability Management Plan (SMP) is required for larger developments such as accommodation/mixed-use developments and non-residential buildings exceeding certain sizes. The SMP provides more detailed information on sustainable design features and implementation schedules. It may require the involvement of a sustainability consultant and formal certification if claiming Green Star or other green building ratings.

Does Merri-bek City Council provide guidance and example documentation for preparing sustainable design assessments?

Yes, Merri-bek City Council encourages applicants to schedule pre-application meetings to discuss their planning permit applications. They provide guidance plans and example documentation to assist in the preparation of sustainable design assessments.

What are the considerations for indoor environmental quality in sustainable design?

The council emphasizes the provision of fresh air intake, cross ventilation, natural daylight, thermal comfort, and noise reduction within and between buildings. The use of materials with low toxic chemicals and measures to reduce reliance on mechanical heating, ventilation, cooling, and lighting systems are also important considerations.

What energy efficiency measures does Merri-bek City Council encourage in sustainable design?

Merri-bek City Council encourages design measures such as appropriate building orientation, shading, optimized glazing, and space allocation for solar panels. The aim is to minimize energy use for heating, ventilation, cooling, and lighting systems. Cooling loads and energy consumption should meet specific standards.

How does Merri-bek City Council promote water efficiency in sustainable design?

Water efficiency is promoted through reducing potable water use, encouraging the collection and reuse of stormwater, and promoting the use of alternative water sources like greywater. Rainwater capture and reuse, especially for toilet flushing, is recommended. Meeting the minimum requirement for the BESS Water Category score demonstrates water efficiency.

What measures does Merri-bek City Council promote for stormwater management?

Merri-bek City Council encourages the use of green infrastructure and water-sensitive urban design measures to effectively manage stormwater runoff. The use of stormwater modeling software like MUSIC is recommended for detailed planning and design. Urban development should prioritize strategies that minimize stormwater runoff and promote water quality.

What is the role of the Advisory Committee and Panel in the planning process?

Merri-bek City Council appointed an Advisory Committee and Panel to consider submissions and provide recommendations on environmental sustainability amendments. The committee’s report acknowledges the efforts of the council and recommends the adoption of the amendments, including the ESD policy.

What is the Zero Carbon Framework and what are its objectives?

The Zero Carbon Framework is a vision established by Merri-bek City Council to achieve zero carbon emissions by 2040. The framework sets targets for emissions reduction by 2030, 2035, and 2040 and outlines strategic directions for the transition to a zero-carbon municipality in response to the climate emergency.

What are the key challenges and opportunities in the transition to a zero-carbon future?

The transition to a zero-carbon future faces challenges such as climate change impacts, resource scarcity, rapid urbanization, energy supply, and demographic changes. However, it also presents opportunities for sustainable and equitable development. Collaboration and community involvement are vital for addressing these challenges and seizing opportunities.

What is Merri-bek City Council doing to promote ESD initiatives?

Merri-bek City Council is taking a proactive approach to promote ESD initiatives through the implementation of policies, assessments, and guidelines. Their commitment to a zero-carbon future and collaboration with the community and stakeholders demonstrates their dedication to creating an environmentally sustainable and livable city.

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